This study aims to implement a reservoir-based convolutional neural network (CNN) on physical reservoir computing (RC) to develop an efficient image recognition system for edge AI. Therefore, we propose a novel reservoir-based convolution circuit system that uses in-material reservoir computing, a type of physical RC made from a sulfonated polyaniline network. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed circuit system extracts image features in the same way as the original CNN and that a reservoir-based CNN on the in-material RC achieves an accuracy rate of 81.7% in an image classification task while an echo state network-based CNN achieves 87.7%.