Details
![Peter Levine Headshot](https://confcats-catavault.s3.amazonaws.com/CATAVault/ieeecass/master/files/styles/cc_user_photo/s3/user-pictures/pmlevine_1-138x216.png?h=d60bf6c7&itok=g9p-A5R8)
- Affiliation
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AffiliationUniversity of Waterloo
- Country
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CountryCanada
We present a CMOS electrochemical capacitance imager designed to overcome Debye-length-screening effects in integrated electrochemical assays and featuring frequency-division-multiplexed (FDM) column readout. Our imager contains eight pixel arrays where each pixel contains a 5-MHz--180-MHz ring-oscillator-based capacitance-to-frequency converter (CFC) to detect interfacial capacitance changes at an in-pixel working electrode. We implement FDM readout, which reduces column-readout time compared to a time-division-multiplexed approach, by operating each CFC in a column at a unique nominal frequency while summing the pixel output currents. We report experimental results from electronic performance characterization of a 3.0x2.5-mm^2 420-pixel electrochemical capacitance imager, fabricated in a 1.8-V 0.18-um CMOS process.