The computation demands of 21st-century abundant-data workloads, such as AI /machine learning, far exceed the capabilities of today’s computing systems. For example, a Dream AI Chip would ideally co-locate all memory and compute on a single chip, quickly accessible at low energy. Such Dream Chips aren’t realizable today. Computing systems instead use large off-chip memory and spend enormous time and energy shuttling data back-and-forth. This memory wall gets worse with growing problem sizes, especially as conventional transistor miniaturization gets increasingly difficult.